Ballweber LR, Xiao L, Bowman DD, Kahn G, Cama VA. Giardiasis in dogs and cats: update on epidemiology and public health significance. Trends Parasitol. 2010;26(4):180–189.

Taenia and Echinococcus

https://capcvet.org/guidelines/taenia/

https://capcvet.org/guidelines/echinococcus-spp/

Tritrichomonas in Cats

Ceplecha V, Svoboda M, Cepicka I, et al. InPouch TF-Feline medium is not specific for Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2013; 196: 503–505.

Dahlgren SS, Gjerde B, Pettersen HY (2007) First record of natural Tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. Journal of Small Animal Practice 48:654-657

Foster DM, Gookin JL, Poore MF, Stebbins ME, Levy MG (2004) Outcome of cats with diarrhoea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225:888-892

Gookin JL. Trichomoniasis. In: Greene CE, ed. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 4th Ed. St Louis: Saunders 2012;797-801.

Gookin JL, Breitschwerdt EB, Levy MG, Gager RB (1999) Diarrhoea associated with trichomoniasis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215:1450-1454

Gookin JL, Birkenheuer AJ, Breitschwerdt EB, Levy MG (2002) Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline faeces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 40:4126-4130

Gookin JL, Copple CN, Papich MG, Poore MW, Stauffer SH, Birkenheuer AJ, Twedt DC, Levy M (2006) Efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 20: 536-543

Gookin JL, Foster DM, Poore MF, Stebbins ME, Levy MG (2003b) Use of a commercially available culture system for diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetusinfection in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222:1376-1379

Gookin JL, Levy MG, Law JM, Papich MG, Poore MF, Breitschwerdt EB (2001) Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62:1690-1697

Gookin JL, Stebbins ME, Adams E, Burlone K, Fulton M, Hochel R, Talaat M, Poore M, Levy MG (2003a) Prevalence and risk of T foetus infection in cattery cats (Abstract). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 17:380

Gookin JL, Stebbins ME, Hunt E, Bulone K, Fulton M, Hochel R, Talaat M, Poore M, Levy MG (2004) Prevalence and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42:2707-2710

Gookin JL, et al. (2005) Molecular characterisation of tritrichomonads from faeces of dogs with diarrhoea. J Parasitology, 91(4): 939-43

Gookin JL, Stauffer SH, Coccaro MR, Poore MF, Levy MG, Papich MG (2007) Efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats experimentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus. Am J Vet Res 68(10):1085-8.

Gookin JL, Stauffer SH, Dybas D, Cannon DH (2010) Documentation of the in vivo and in vitro aerobic resistnace of feline Tritrichomonas foetus isolates to ronidazole. JVIM 24: 1003-1007

Gray SG, Hunter SA, Stone MR, Gookin JL (2010) Assessment of reproductive tract disease in cats at risk for Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Am J Vet Res. 71(1):76-81.

Grey SG, Hunter SA, Stone MR, Gookin JL. Assessment of reproductive tract disease in cats at risk for enteric Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Abstract 111, Proceedings of the ACVIM Congress, 2009, pp718.

Grellet A, Bickel T, Polack B, et al. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in puppies from French breeding kennels. Proceedings of the ECVIM 2010, Toulouse.

Gunn-Moore, DA, McCann, TM, Reed, N, Simpson, KE, Tennant, B. (2007) Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the UK. JFMS 9: 214-218

Gunn-Moore DA, Tennant B. (2007) Tritrichomonas foetus in cats in the UK. Vet Rec. 160(24): 850-851

Hale S. Norris JM, Slapeta J (2009) Prolonged resilience of Tritrichomanas foetus in cat faeces at ambient temperature. Vet Parasitol 166: 60-65

Kather EJ, Marks SL, Kass PH. (2007) Determination of the in vitro susceptibility of feline tritrichomonas foetus to 5 antimicrobial agents. J Vet Intern Med.;21(5):966-70)

Levy MG, Gookin JL, Poore M, Birkenheuer AJ, Dykstra MJ, Litaker RW (2003) Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhoea. Journal of Parasitology 89:99-104

Manning K (2010) Update on the diagnosis and management of Tritrichomanas foetus infections in cats. Topics in Comapnion Animal Medicine 25(3): 145-148

Mardell EJ, Sparkes AH. (2006) Chronic diarrhoea associated withTritrichomanas foetus infection in a British cat. Veterinary Record 158,765-766

Romatowski J (2000) Pentatrichomonas hominis infection in four kittens. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216:1270-1272

Rosado TW, Specht A, Marks SL. (2007) Neurotoxicosis in 4 cats receiving ronidazole. J Vet Intern Med 21(2):328-31

Rosypal AC, Ripley A, Stockdale Walden HD, Blagburn BL, Grant DC, Lindsay DS (2012) Survival of a feline isolate of Tritrichomanas foetus in water, cat urine, cat food and cat litter. Vet Parasitol 185: 279-281

SAC (SAC Veterinary Services) Monthly Report (2007); available online www.sac.ac.uk/consultancy/veterinary/publications/monthlyreports/2007 : Veterinary Record 161(16): 544-546

Van der Saag M, McDonell D, Slapeta J. (2011) Cat genotype Tritrichomanas foetus survives passage through the alimentary tract of two common slug species. Vet Parasitology 177: 262-266

Zalonis CA, Pillay A, Secor W et al. (2011) Rare case of trichomonal peritonitis. Emerg Inf Dis 17(7):1312-1313

Amphibians

https://assets.speakcdn.com/assets/2332/amphibianhusbandryresourceguide.pdf

https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal/article/48/3/235/663549

http://shell.cas.usf.edu/rohrlab/data/2012%20Koprivnikar%20et%20al.%20EcoHealth.pdf

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3909583/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3221896?seq=17#metadata_info_tab_contents

Host–multiparasite interactions in amphibians: a review

https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13071-021-04796-1

Effects of the nematode Gyrinicola batrachiensis on development, gut morphology, and fermentation in bullfrog tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana): a novel mutualism

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.a.192

Entamoeba

Wright KM. 2006. Overview of amphibian medicine. In: Mader DR, ed. Reptile Medicine and Surgery. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Saunders, Elsevier. p 941-971.

Amoebiasis diagnosis, flagellates

Poynton SL, Whitaker BR. 2001. Protozoa and metazoan infecting amphibians. In: Wright KM, Whitaker BR, eds. Amphibian Medicine and Captive Husbandry. Malabar FL: Krieger Publishing Company. p 193- 221.

Small mammals

ESCCAP

https://www.esccap.org/uploads/docs/z5pju5lb_0576_ESCCAP_Guideline_GL7_v12_1p.pdf

Reptiles

Reptile Reference Books

Mader's Reptile and Amphibian Medicine and Surgery 3rd Edition (2019)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780323482530/maders-reptile-and-amphibian-medicine-and-surgery

Current Therapy in Reptile Medicine and Surgery (2013). Douglas Mader, Stephen Divers.
https://www.elsevier.com/books/current-therapy-in-reptile-medicine-and-surgery/mader/978-1-4557-0893-2

Reptile Medicine and Surgery (2006). Douglas R. Mader.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780721693279/reptile-medicine-and-surgery

Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles. McArthur, Wilkinson, Meyer.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470698877

Parasites of Reptiles

Question frequently asked: When to retest following treatment for pinworms in tortoises, 2 weeks or 4 weeks?

Giannetto S, Brianti E, Poglayen G, Sorgi C, Capelli G, Pennisi MG, Coci G: Efficacy of oxfendazole and fenbendazole against tortoise (Testudo hermanni) oxyurids. Parasitol Res. 2007, 100: 1069-1073. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17120044/

General.

Hallinger M.J., Taubert A., Hermosilla C., Mutschmann F. Occurrence of health-compromising protozoan and helminth infections in tortoises kept as pet animals in Germany. Parasites Vectors. 2018;11:352. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6006665/

Pinworms. Ascarids.

Hedley J, Eatwell K, Shaw DJ (2013) Gastrointestinal parasitic burdens in UK tortoises: a survey of tortoise owners and potential risk factors. Veterinary Record 30;173(21):525. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24158320/

Nematode treatment.

Efficacy of a Topical Formulation Containing Emodepside and Praziquantel (Profender®, Bayer) against Nematodes in Captive Tortoises. https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11501/1/11501.pdf

Nematode treatment

Tang, P. K., Pellett, S., Blake, D., & Hedley, J. (2017). Efficacy of a Topical Formulation Containing Emodepside and Praziquantel (Profender®, Bayer) against Nematodes in Captive Tortoises. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, 27(3), 116-122.

https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/11501/1/11501.pdf

Pinworms. Ascarids.

Hedley J, (2013). Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Tortoises in the UK.

http://knowledge.rcvs.org.uk/document-library/diplomas-dzm-12-1/

General.
Rataj, A.V., Lindtner-Knific, R., Vlahović, K. et al. Parasites in pet reptiles. Acta Vet Scand 53, 33 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-53-33

https://actavetscand.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1751-0147-53-33

General.

Seven Mustafa, Radoslav Rafailov, Kostadin Kanchev, et al (2018) STUDY ON INTERNAL PARASITES IN SNAKES GROWN IN DOMESTIC CONDITIONS. TRADITION AND MODERNITY IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 3:55–60.
https://zenodo.org/record/1489287#.X5NaL5NKhE4

General.

O. Miñana-Morant, F. Ponce-Gordo (2018). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in captive tortoises and analysis of risk factors

https://www.clinvetpeqanim.com/index.php?pag=articulo&art=101

Choleoeimeria.

Choleoeimeria spp. Prevalence in Captive Reptiles in Germany and a New Treatment Option in a Lawson's Dragon (Pogona henrylawsoni)

https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-herpetological-medicine-and-surgery/volume-30/issue-4/19-09-211.1/Choleoeimeria-spp-Prevalence-in-Captive-Reptiles-in-Germany-and-a/10.5818/19-09-211.1.short

Eimeria.

Phylogeny of the reptilian Eimeria: are Choleoeimeria and Acroeimeria valid generic names?

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/zsc.12126

Isospora amphiboluri.

Walden M, Mitchell MA. Pathogenesis of Isospora amphiboluri in Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps). Animals. 2021; 11(2):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020438

Giardia.
The Biology of Giardia spp.

Adam RD. The biology of Giardia spp (Review). Microbiol Rev 1991;55:706-32.

Giardia

Upton, S.J., Zien, C.A., (1997). Description of a Giardia varani-like flagellate from a water monitor, Varanus salvator, from Malaysia. Journal of Parasitology, 83, 970–971.)

Reboredo-Fernández A, Ares-Mazás E, Galán P, Cacciò SM, Gómez-Couso H. Detection of zoonotic and livestock-specific assemblages of Giardia duodenalis in free-living wild lizards. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet. 2017 Jul-Sep;26(3):395-399. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017034. Epub 2017 Jul 10. PMID: 28699999.

Flagellated protozoa.

Juan-Sallés, Carles, et al. “RENAL FLAGELLATE INFECTIONS IN REPTILES: 29 CASES.” Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, vol. 45, no. 1, 2014, pp. 100–109., www.jstor.org/stable/24551231. Accessed 3 July 2021.

General.

ELLIS C. GREINER, DOUGLAS R. MADER, Chapter 21 - Parasitology, Editor(s): Douglas R. Mader, Reptile Medicine and Surgery (Second Edition), W.B. Saunders, 2006, Pages 343-364, ISBN 9780721693279, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-72-169327-X/50025-0 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B072169327X500250)

Pinworms

https://lafeber.com/vet/bearded-dragon-infectious-disease-slideshow/#tab4

General. Pinworms.

Telfor SR JR, Campbell HW. Parasites of the American alligator, their importance to husbandry and suggestions toward their prevention and control. Proceedings of the First Annual Alligator Production Conference 1981; 46-51.

Nyctotherus.

https://veterinary-practice.com/article/endoparasites-of-pet-reptiles

Nyctotherus.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/nyctotherus

Nyctotherus.

ELLIS C. GREINER, DOUGLAS R. MADER, Chapter 21 - Parasitology, Editor(s): Douglas R. Mader,Reptile Medicine and Surgery (Second Edition), W.B. Saunders, 2006, Pages 343-364, ISBN 9780721693279, https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-72-169327-X/50025-0.

General. Nyctotherus.

Megan Kirchgessner, Mark A. Mitchell, CHAPTER 9 - CHELONIANS, Editor(s): Mark A. Mitchell, Thomas N. Tully, Manual of Exotic Pet Practice, W.B. Saunders, 2009, Pages 207-249, ISBN 9781416001195, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-141600119-5.50012-3.

General. Nyctotherus and Balantidium treatment not warranted.

Hatt, J.2010. Selected endoparasites in reptiles. In: World Small Animal Veterinary Association World Congress Proceedings. World Small Animal Veterinary Association, Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.ivis.org/system/files?file=google_drive/node/83436/field_chpt_content/eyJzdWJkaXIiOiJcL25vZGVcLzgzNDM2XC9maWVsZF9jaHB0X2NvbnRlbnQifQ--rKJrVgA0k_QrUpCGnEN-Tzb7KXgoPQYNgn7V5RKiDeA.pdf

Protozoa. Nyctotherus.

Edoardo Bardi, Emilio Noviello, Lada Hofmannová, Protozoa and protozoal infections in chelonians, Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Volume 31, 2019, Pages 5-12, ISSN 1557-5063, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2019.06.006.

Tapeworms

McAllister CT, Bursey CR. A new species of Oochoristica (Cyclophyllidea: Linstowiidae) from non-native Mediterranean geckos, Hemidactylus turcicus (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from Texas, USA. Acta Parasitol. 2017 Jun 1;62(2):296-305. doi: 10.1515/ap-2017-0037. PMID: 28426409.

Tapeworms

Mašová, Š., Tenora, F. & Baruš, V. Oochoristica koubeki n. sp. (Cestoda, Anoplocephalidae) from African Chamaeleo senegalensis (Chamaeleonidae) and emendation of the genus Oochoristica Lühe, 1898. Helminthologia 49, 27–32 (2012). https://doi.org/10.2478/s11687-012-0005-2

Tapeworms

Santos Ferreira AC, Vieira FM, Ribeiro LB, Muniz Pereira LC, Nunes da Silva DC. Helminths Parasitizing Procellosaurinus erythrocercus, a Little-Known Neotropical Lizard Endemic to Brazilian Semiarid Caatinga Biome. J Wildl Dis. 2020 Oct 1;56(4):947-949. doi: 10.7589/2019-08-214. PMID: 32348200.

Tapeworms

McAllister CT, Bursey CR. Helminth parasites of the Mediterranean gecko, Hemidactylus turcicus (Sauria: Gekkonidae), from Texas, United States with a summary of helminths of this host. Acta Parasitol. 2016 Sep 1;61(3):576-84. doi: 10.1515/ap-2016-0077. PMID: 27447223.

Tapeworms

Morsy K, Ramadan NF, Al Hashimi S, Ali M, El Garhy MF. A new species of Oochoristica (Eucestoda: Cyclophyllidea) parasite of Agama mutabilis (Reptilia: Agamidae) from Egypt. J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 2013 Dec;43(3):715-22. doi: 10.12816/0006428. PMID: 24640871.

Amoeba

Entamoeba invadens in Bearded Dragons

Schwartz, Diana & Ali, Ibne & Roy, Shantanu & Pohlman, Lisa & Kastl, Brandy & Eshar, David. (2020). Entamoeba sp. infection in a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Veterinarski glasnik. 74. 7-7. 10.2298/VETGL190919007S. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339977965_Entamoeba_sp_infection_in_a_bearded_dragon_Pogona_vitticeps#fullTextFileContent

Amoeba

Cranfield M, Graczyk T (1999) New approaches for diagnosis of Entamoeba infections in captive reptiles. Proceedings of the Association of Reptile and Amphibian Veterinarians. 17-18

Amoeba

Barrow J, Stockton JJ (1960) The influences of temperature on the host parasite relationships of several species of snakes infected with Entamoeba invadens. Journal of Protozoology. 7: 377-383

Amoeba

McConnahie EW (1955) Studies of Entamoeba invadens Rodhain, 1934 in vitro, and its relationship to some other species of Entamoeba. Parasitology. 45: 452-481

Amoeba

Wilkinson R (2004) Clinical Pathology. In: Medicine and Surgery of Tortoises and Turtles. McArthur S, Wilkinson R, Meyer J (eds). Oxford, Blackwell. 141-186

Bacteria in Reptiles of Public Health interest

Campylobacter

Campylobacter: guidance, data and analysis (GOV): https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/campylobacter-guidance-data-and-analysis

Pet reptiles may be reservoirs of Campylobacter

https://www.vettimes.co.uk/news/pet-reptiles-may-be-reservoirs-of-campylobacter/

Masila NM, Ross KE, Gardner MG, Whiley H. Zoonotic and Public Health Implications of Campylobacter Species and Squamates (Lizards, Snakes and Amphisbaenians). Pathogens. 2020 Sep 28;9(10):799. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9100799. PMID: 32998205; PMCID: PMC7601876. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32998205/

Tu ZC, Eisner W, Kreiswirth BN, Blaser MJ. Genetic divergence of Campylobacter fetus strains of mammal and reptile origins. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Jul;43(7):3334-40. doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.7.3334-3340.2005. PMID: 16000457; PMCID: PMC1169096. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16000457/

Sharma B, Thille K, Belmar VM, Thomas RN, Sharma RN. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Arcobacter butzleri isolated from red-footed pet tortoises suspected for Campylobacter spp. from Grenada, West Indies. PLoS One. 2020 Mar 16;15(3):e0230390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230390. PMID: 32176736; PMCID: PMC7075591. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32176736/

Gilbert MJ, Duim B, Zomer AL, Wagenaar JA. Living in Cold Blood: Arcobacter, Campylobacter, and Helicobacter in Reptiles. Front Microbiol. 2019 May 15;10:1086. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01086. PMID: 31191467; PMCID: PMC6530492. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31191467/

Gilbert MJ, Kik M, Miller WG, Duim B, Wagenaar JA. Campylobacter iguaniorum sp. nov., isolated from reptiles. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2015 Mar;65(Pt 3):975-982. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.000048. Epub 2015 Jan 8. PMID: 25574036. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25574036/

Cryptosporidiosis

GOV

https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/cryptosporidiosis-guidance-data-and-analysis

ESCCAP

https://www.esccapuk.org.uk/uploads/docs/zz00iq38_0701_ESCCAP_Guideline_GL6_v5.pdf

Cats Protection

https://www.cats.org.uk/media/1422/adopting_a_cat_that_had_a_potentially_zoonotic_diarrhoea_advice_for_adopters.pdf

Alvarez-Pellitero, P., Quiroga, M.I., Sitj a-Bobadilla, A., Redondo, M.J., Palenzuela, O., Padro s, F., V azquez, S., Nieto, J.M., 2004. Cryptosporidium scophthalmi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) from cultured turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Light and electron microscope description and histopathological study. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 62, 133e145.

Alves M, Xiao L, Lemos V, Zhou L, Cama V, da Cunha MB, Matos O, Antunes F. 2005. Occurrence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in mammals and reptiles at the Lisbon Zoo. Parasitol Res. 97:108–112.

Antinoff N. 2000. Cryptosporidium in a Green Iguana. Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 2000, pp.15-18

Barnard S M and Upton S J. 1994. A Veterinary Guide to the Parasites of Reptiles. Volume 1. Protozoa. Krieger Publishing C o, Malabar,FL.

Biron K. 2008. Cryptosporidiosis in reptiles: diagnosis and therapy. Proceedings ARAV, 18-19.

https://www.academia.edu/27358980/Cryptosporidium_Biotechnological_advances_in_the_detection_diagnosis_and_analysis_of_genetic_variation?email_work_card=view-paper

Bonnie RL, Calle PP, Gottdenker N, James S, Linn WJ, McNamara T, Cook RA. 1997. Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians: 26-30 October 1997; Houston, Texas. AAZV; 1997. Clinical significance of Cryptosporidia in captive and free-ranging chelonians; pp. 19–20.

Brener, Beatriz, Eduardo Burgarelli, Marianne Suarez, and Lucas Keidel. 2022. "Cryptosporidiosis in Reptiles from Brazil: An Update for Veterinary Medicine" Parasitologia 2, no. 3: 228-236. https://doi.org/10.3390/parasitologia2030019

Brownstein DG. 1997. Cryptosporidium in snakes with hypertrophic gastritis. Journal of Veterinary Pathology 14, 606-617

Cimon K.Y., Oberst R.D., Upton S.J., Mosier D.A. 1996: Biliary cryptosporidiosis in two corn snakes (Elaphe guttata). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 8: 398-399.

Coke RL and T ristan T E. 1998. Cryptosporidium infection in a colony of leopard geckos, Eublepharis macularius, in Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 5th Annual Meeting, Kansas City, MO, 157–165.

Cranfield MR, Graczyk TK. 1996. Cryptosporidiosis. In DR Mader, Reptile Medicine and Surgery, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 359-363.

"Cryptosporidiosis Laboratory Case Definition (LCD)". http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-phlncd-cryptosporidiosis.htm. Accesed 26th March 2014.

"Cryptosporidium parvum." In Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook. U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, Feb 2002. 10 Oct 2002.

Donoghue PJ. 1995. Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis in man and animals. Internat J Parasitol 25:139–195.

Elwin K, Hadfield SJ, Robinson G, Chalmers RM. 2012. The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000–2008. Epidemiol. Infect., 140 pp. 673–683

Fayer R. 2010. Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium. Exp Parasitol. 124:90–97.

Robinson, G., Wright, S., Elwin, K., Hadfield, S.J., Katzer, F., Bartley, P.M., Hunter, P.R., Nath, M., Innes, E.A., Chalmers, R.M., 2010. Re description of Cryptosporidium cuniculus Inman and Takeuchi, 1979 (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): morphology, biology and phylogeny. Int. J. Parasitol. 40, 1539e1548.

Fitzgerald S D, Molsan PG, and B ennett R. 1998. A ural polyp associated with cryptosporidiosis in an iguana (Iguana iguana). JVet Diagn Invest 10:179–180.

Frye FL, Garman RH, Graczyk T K, B oyer T H, and Miller H. 1999. Atypical non-alimentary cryptosporidiosis in t§hree lizards, in Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians 6th Annual Conference, Columbus, OH, pp.43–48.

Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Fayer R 1995. A comparative assessment of direct fluorescence antibody modified acid fast stain, and sucrose flotation techniques for detection of Cryptosporidium serpentis oocysts in snakes fecal specimens. J Zoo Wildl Med 26: 396-402.

Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR 1997. Detection of Cryptos-poridium-specific serum immunoglobulins in captive snakes by a polyclonal antibody in the direct Elisa. Vet Res 28: 131-142.

Graczyk T K, B alazs GH, Work T , A guirre AA , Ellis DM, Murakawa SKK, and Morris R. 1997. Cryptosporidium sp. infections in green turtles, Chelonia mydas, as a potential source of marine waterborne oocysts in the Hawaiian I slands. Appl Environ Micro 63:2925–2927.

Graczyk T K, C ranfield MR, Mann J, and S trandberg JD. 1998. Intestinal Cryptosporidium sp. infection in the Egyptian tortoise, Testudo kleinmanni. Int J Parasitol 28:1885–1888.

Graczyk T K and Cranfield MR. 1998. Experimental transmission of Cryptosporidium oocyst isolates from mammals, birds and reptiles to captive snakes. Vet Res 29:187–195.

Graczyk T K, Cranfield MR, and B ostwick EF. 1999. Hyperimmune bovine colostrums treatment of moribund leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Vet Res 30:377–382.

Graczyk T K and C ranfield MR. 2000. Cryptosporidium serpentis oocysts and microsporidian spores in feces of captive snakes. J Parasitol 86:413–414.

Griffin C, Reavill DR, Stacy BA, Childress AL, Wellehan JFX. 2010. Cryptosporidiosis caused by two distinct species in Russian tortoises and a Pancake tortoise. Vet Par.

Grosset C, Villeneuve A, Brieger A, and Lair S. 2011. Cryptosporidiosis in Juvenile Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps): Effects of Treatment with Paromomycin. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery. 2011;21(1):10-15

Henriksen A, Pohlenz JFL 1981. Staining of Cryptosporidium by a modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Acta Vet Scand 22: 594-596.

Heuschele WP, O osterhuis J, Janssen D, Robinson PT, Ensley PK, Meier E, O lson T , A nderson MP, and B enirschke K. 1986. Cryptosporidial infections in captive wild animals. J Wildl Dis 22:493–496.

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Klingenberg RJ (1996) Enteric cryptosporidiosis in a colony of Indigo Snakes, Drymarchon corais, a Panther Chameleon, Chameleon pardalis, and a Savannah monitor, Varanus exhanthematicus. Bulletin of the Association of Amphibian and reptilian veterinarians, 6 (1), 5-9

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Li X, Pereira M, Larsen R, Xiao C, Phillips R, Striby K, McCowan B, Atwill ER. 2015. Cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in multiple Spermophilus ground squirrel species. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl., 4 (3) pp. 343–350

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"Material Safety Data Sheet - Cryptosporidium parvum." January 2001 Canadian Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, February 2000. 10 October 2002.

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Intranuclear Coccidiosis

First case published in chelonia in a Radiated Tortoise: https://www.askjpc.org/wsco/wsc/wsc97/97wsc25.htm

Case report of systemic coccidiosis in a radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata):

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17994300/

Phylogenetic relationships of Isospora, Lankesterella, and Caryospora species (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) infecting lizards:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13127-015-0253-3

DETECTION OF INTRANUCLEAR COCCIDIOSIS IN TORTOISES IN EUROPE AND CHINA:

https://europepmc.org/article/med/28749291

Intestinal Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Brazilian Lizards. Eimeria carmelinoi n.sp., from Kentropyx calcarata and Acroeimeria paraensis n.sp. from Cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus (Lacertilia: Teiidae):

https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0074-02762002000200016&lng=en&tlng=en

Emerging Infectious diseases in chelonians (2014): https://www.avianexoticvetcare.com/userfiles/Turtle_Tortoise_Emerging_Disease_Vet_Clinics_North_Am_2014.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/20095339?seq=1

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1354/vp.43-3-311

Probiotics - Use in Reptiles

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4735124/

http://www.anapsid.org/iguana/probiotics.html

http://www.anapsid.org/probiotic2.html

Avian

Atoxoplasma - Isospopra in Canaries

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63617142001.pdf

PCR and Immunological Tests

https://www.idexx.com/files/snap-4dx-plus-test-accuracy.pdf

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/941770/technical-validation-report-Horiba-POCKIT.pdf

PCR and Immunological Tests

https://www.idexx.com/files/snap-4dx-plus-test-accuracy.pdf

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/941770/technical-validation-report-Horiba-POCKIT.pdf

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